Leviticus 1:2

Posted on April 1, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 1:2 Loquere filiis Israel, et dices ad eos: Homo, qui obtulerit ex vobis hostiam Domino de pecoribus, id est, de bobus et ovibus offerens victimas,

“Speak to the sons of Israel and you shall say to them: ‘A man who offers from among you a sacrifice to the LORD from the animals, that is, from cattle and from sheep, offering victims,

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Loquere speak VERB, 2SG.FUT.ACT.IMP.MOOD, DEP
2 filiis to the sons NOUN, DAT.PL.M, 2ND DECL
3 Israel Israel NOUN, GEN.SG.M, INDECL
4 et and CONJ
5 dices you will say VERB, 2SG.FUT.ACT.IND, 3RD CONJ
6 ad to PREP+ACC
7 eos them PRON, ACC.PL.M, PERS
8 Homo a man NOUN, NOM.SG.M, 3RD DECL
9 qui who PRON, NOM.SG.M, REL
10 obtulerit may have offered VERB, 3SG.FUTP.ACT.IND, 3RD CONJ
11 ex from PREP+ABL
12 vobis you PRON, ABL.PL.M/F, PERS
13 hostiam sacrifice NOUN, ACC.SG.F, 1ST DECL
14 Domino to the LORD NOUN, DAT.SG.M, 2ND DECL
15 de from PREP+ABL
16 pecoribus animals NOUN, ABL.PL.N, 3RD DECL
17 id that PRON, NOM/ACC.SG.N, DEM
18 est is VERB, 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
19 de from PREP+ABL
20 bobus cattle NOUN, ABL.PL.M, 2ND DECL
21 et and CONJ
22 ovibus sheep NOUN, ABL.PL.F, 3RD DECL
23 offerens offering PTCP, PRES.ACT.NOM.SG.M
24 victimas victims NOUN, ACC.PL.F, 3RD DECL

Syntax

Main Imperatives: Loquere and dices form the core divine commands addressed to Moses.
Dative Phrase: filiis Israel marks the recipients of instruction.
Indirect Object: eos depends on dices as the group to whom Moses must speak.
Subject of Legislation: Homo qui obtulerit introduces a conditional legal case concerning offerings.
Prepositional Phrases: ex vobis identifies the offerer as belonging to Israel; de pecoribus and its clarification de bobus et ovibus define permitted sacrificial animals.
Participial Modifier: offerens victimas expands the action of sacrificial presentation.

Morphology

  1. Loquere — Lemma: loquor; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular future active imperative (deponent); Function: divine command to Moses; Translation: speak; Notes: deponent form carries active meaning.
  2. filiis — Lemma: filius; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative plural masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: to the sons; Notes: typical address formula.
  3. Israel — Lemma: Israel; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive singular masculine; Function: genitive of relationship; Translation: of Israel; Notes: indeclinable form adapted to Latin syntax.
  4. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordinator; Translation: and; Notes: links divine commands.
  5. dices — Lemma: dico; Part of Speech: verb; Form: second person singular future active indicative; Function: indicates Moses’s forthcoming speech; Translation: you will say; Notes: future indicative often functions as instruction.
  6. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: direction toward recipients; Translation: to; Notes: common preposition in speech formulas.
  7. eos — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural masculine; Function: indirect object of speech; Translation: them; Notes: refers to all Israel.
  8. Homo — Lemma: homo; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: subject of legal condition; Translation: a man; Notes: introduces case law.
  9. qui — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative singular masculine; Function: relative pronoun introducing legal clause; Translation: who; Notes: agrees with homo.
  10. obtulerit — Lemma: offero; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular future perfect active indicative; Function: legal protasis; Translation: may have offered; Notes: future perfect expresses a completed act relevant to legal consequence.
  11. ex — Lemma: ex; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: origin; Translation: from; Notes: indicates membership.
  12. vobis — Lemma: vos; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: ablative plural; Function: complement of ex; Translation: you; Notes: refers to Israel collectively.
  13. hostiam — Lemma: hostia; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: direct object of obtulerit; Translation: sacrifice; Notes: technical sacrificial term.
  14. Domino — Lemma: Dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: dative singular masculine; Function: indirect object; Translation: to the LORD; Notes: refers to YHWH here.
  15. de — Lemma: de; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: specifies material source; Translation: from; Notes: introduces category of offerings.
  16. pecoribus — Lemma: pecus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural neuter; Function: object of de; Translation: animals; Notes: general sacrificial class.
  17. id — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: nominative/accusative singular neuter; Function: explanatory pronoun; Translation: that; Notes: introduces clarification.
  18. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present active indicative; Function: copula; Translation: is; Notes: marks explanatory gloss.
  19. de — Lemma: de; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: specifies subcategories; Translation: from; Notes: introduces further specification of acceptable offerings.
  20. bobus — Lemma: bos; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural masculine; Function: object of de; Translation: cattle; Notes: refers to larger domesticated herd animals.
  21. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: links the two sacrificial categories.
  22. ovibus — Lemma: ovis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative plural feminine; Function: object of de; Translation: sheep; Notes: refers to flock animals suitable for offerings.
  23. offerens — Lemma: offero; Part of Speech: participle; Form: present active participle nominative singular masculine; Function: describes the sacrificer; Translation: offering; Notes: modifies homo with ongoing action.
  24. victimas — Lemma: victima; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural feminine; Function: direct object of offerens; Translation: victims; Notes: technical sacrificial term for animals slain.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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