Leviticus 16:18

Posted on April 16, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 16:18 Cum autem exierit ad altare quod coram Domino est, oret pro se, et sumptum sanguinem vituli atque hirci fundat super cornua oeius per gyrum:

But when he has gone out to the altar which is before the LORD, he shall pray for himself, and he shall pour the taken blood of the calf and of the goat upon its horns all around;

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 Cum when CONJ
2 autem but ADV
3 exierit he-has-gone-out 3SG.PERF.SUBJ.ACT
4 ad to PREP+ACC
5 altare altar ACC.SG.N
6 quod which NOM.SG.N.REL
7 coram before PREP+ABL
8 Domino LORD ABL.SG.M
9 est is 3SG.PRES.ACT.IND
10 oret he-may-pray 3SG.PRES.SUBJ.ACT
11 pro for PREP+ABL
12 se himself ABL.SG.M.REFL
13 et and CONJ
14 sumptum taken ACC.SG.M.PTCP.PASS
15 sanguinem blood ACC.SG.M
16 vituli calf GEN.SG.M
17 atque and CONJ
18 hirci goat GEN.SG.M
19 fundat he-may-pour 3SG.PRES.SUBJ.ACT
20 super upon PREP+ACC
21 cornua horns ACC.PL.N
22 eius of-it GEN.SG.N.PRON.POSS
23 per through PREP+ACC
24 gyrum circuit ACC.SG.M

Syntax

Temporal Clause: Cum autem exierit ad altare — circumstantial clause with perfect subjunctive indicating prior completion
Relative Clause: quod coram Domino est — identifies the altar by its divine placement
Main Exhortation: oret pro se — jussive subjunctive prescribing intercession
Coordinated Action: fundat — second jussive action joined by et
Object & Modifiers: sumptum sanguinem vituli atque hirci — compound genitives specifying sources
Locative/Extent Phrases: super cornua eius + per gyrum — placement and full circular extent

Morphology

  1. Cum — Lemma: cum; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: introduces temporal clause; Translation: when; Notes: Sets the circumstance for the actions that follow.
  2. autem — Lemma: autem; Part of Speech: adverb; Form: invariable; Function: transitional contrast; Translation: but; Notes: Marks a shift to the next ritual stage.
  3. exierit — Lemma: exeo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular perfect subjunctive active; Function: verb of the temporal clause; Translation: he has gone out; Notes: Indicates completed movement from the inner space.
  4. ad — Lemma: ad; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing accusative; Function: direction; Translation: to; Notes: Motion toward a goal.
  5. altare — Lemma: altare; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter singular, third declension; Function: object of ad; Translation: altar; Notes: The sacrificial altar.
  6. quod — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative neuter singular; Function: subject of est; Translation: which; Notes: Refers back to the altar.
  7. coram — Lemma: coram; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing ablative; Function: position; Translation: before; Notes: Indicates presence in the divine sight.
  8. Domino — Lemma: dominus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative masculine singular; Function: object of coram; Translation: LORD; Notes: Rendered “LORD” because it refers to YHWH.
  9. est — Lemma: sum; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present indicative active; Function: copula; Translation: is; Notes: States a defining attribute.
  10. oret — Lemma: oro; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present subjunctive active; Function: jussive predicate; Translation: he may pray; Notes: Prescribes intercessory action.
  11. pro — Lemma: pro; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing ablative; Function: benefit; Translation: for; Notes: Introduces beneficiary.
  12. se — Lemma: se; Part of Speech: reflexive pronoun; Form: ablative masculine singular; Function: object of pro; Translation: himself; Notes: The priest is included first.
  13. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Links the two prescribed acts.
  14. sumptum — Lemma: sumo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: perfect passive participle accusative masculine singular; Function: modifies sanguinem; Translation: taken; Notes: Indicates blood already obtained.
  15. sanguinem — Lemma: sanguis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular, third declension; Function: direct object of fundat; Translation: blood; Notes: Medium of atonement.
  16. vituli — Lemma: vitulus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive masculine singular, second declension; Function: dependent genitive; Translation: of the calf; Notes: One sacrificial source.
  17. atque — Lemma: atque; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: coordination; Translation: and; Notes: Strong connective joining sources.
  18. hirci — Lemma: hircus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive masculine singular, second declension; Function: dependent genitive; Translation: of the goat; Notes: Second sacrificial source.
  19. fundat — Lemma: fundo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular present subjunctive active; Function: jussive predicate; Translation: he may pour; Notes: Ritual application of blood.
  20. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing accusative; Function: position upon; Translation: upon; Notes: Indicates placement on a surface.
  21. cornua — Lemma: cornu; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative neuter plural, fourth declension; Function: object of super; Translation: horns; Notes: Projections of the altar.
  22. eius — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: possessive pronoun; Form: genitive neuter singular; Function: modifies cornua; Translation: of it; Notes: Refers to the altar.
  23. per — Lemma: per; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governing accusative; Function: extent; Translation: through; Notes: Expresses comprehensive coverage.
  24. gyrum — Lemma: gyrus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative masculine singular, second declension; Function: object of per; Translation: circuit; Notes: Indicates action all around.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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