Leviticus 4:12

Posted on April 4, 2006 by Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Lv 4’12 et reliquo corpore efferet extra castra in locum mundum, ubi cineres effundi solent: incendetque ea super lignorum struem, quæ in loco effusorum cinerum cremabuntur.

and the rest of the body he shall carry outside the camp to a clean place where the ashes are usually poured out; and he shall burn them on a pile of wood, which in the place of the poured-out ashes shall be consumed.

# Latin Gloss Grammar Tag
1 et and CONJ
2 reliquo the remaining ADJ, ABL.SG.N, 2ND DECL
3 corpore body NOUN, ABL.SG.N, 3RD DECL
4 efferet he shall carry out VERB, 3SG.FUT.ACT.IND
5 extra outside PREP+ACC
6 castra the camp NOUN, ACC.PL.N, 2ND DECL
7 in into PREP+ACC
8 locum place NOUN, ACC.SG.M, 2ND DECL
9 mundum clean ADJ, ACC.SG.M, 2ND DECL
10 ubi where ADV, REL
11 cineres ashes NOUN, NOM.PL.M, 3RD DECL
12 effundi to be poured VERB, PRES.PASS.INF
13 solent are accustomed VERB, 3PL.PRES.ACT.IND
14 incendetque and he shall burn VERB, 3SG.FUT.ACT.IND + ENCLITIC -QUE
15 ea them PRON, ACC.PL.N, DEM
16 super upon PREP+ACC
17 lignorum of wood NOUN, GEN.PL.N, 2ND DECL
18 struem pile NOUN, ACC.SG.F, 3RD DECL
19 quæ which PRON, NOM.SG.F, REL
20 in in PREP+ABL
21 loco place NOUN, ABL.SG.M, 2ND DECL
22 effusorum of the poured-out PTCP, GEN.PL.M, PERF.PASS
23 cinerum of ashes NOUN, GEN.PL.M, 3RD DECL
24 cremabuntur they shall be burned VERB, 3PL.FUT.PASS.IND

Syntax

Main Clause: efferet … extra castra — priest carries the remaining body outside the camp.
Relative Clause: ubi cineres effundi solent — describes the designated place for ashes.
Secondary Action: incendetque ea — describes the burning of the remainder.
Relative Clause: quæ … cremabuntur — explains the fate of the wood-pile in the ash-place.

Morphology

  1. et — Lemma: et; Part of Speech: conjunction; Form: invariable; Function: links actions; Translation: and; Notes: begins the final disposal instruction.
  2. reliquo — Lemma: reliquus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: ablative singular neuter; Function: modifies corpore; Translation: the remaining; Notes: refers to the parts not burned on the altar.
  3. corpore — Lemma: corpus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular neuter; Function: governed by de (understood); Translation: body; Notes: the carcass after fat removal.
  4. efferet — Lemma: effero; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular future active indicative; Function: main verb; Translation: he shall carry out; Notes: technical term for disposal outside camp.
  5. extra — Lemma: extra; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: indicates movement beyond boundary; Translation: outside; Notes: ritual segregation.
  6. castra — Lemma: castra; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: object of extra; Translation: the camp; Notes: standard plural form.
  7. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses destination; Translation: into; Notes: marks motion to a place.
  8. locum — Lemma: locus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: object of in; Translation: place; Notes: designated disposal zone.
  9. mundum — Lemma: mundus; Part of Speech: adjective; Form: accusative singular masculine; Function: modifies locum; Translation: clean; Notes: ritual purity requirement.
  10. ubi — Lemma: ubi; Part of Speech: relative adverb; Form: invariable; Function: introduces relative clause; Translation: where; Notes: specifies customary location.
  11. cineres — Lemma: cinis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: nominative plural masculine; Function: subject of solent; Translation: ashes; Notes: ashes from previous sacrifices.
  12. effundi — Lemma: effundo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: present passive infinitive; Function: complement of solent; Translation: to be poured; Notes: habitual passive action.
  13. solent — Lemma: soleo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural present active indicative; Function: expresses customary action; Translation: are accustomed; Notes: describes regular practice.
  14. incendetque — Lemma: incendo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person singular future active indicative with enclitic -que; Function: main action; Translation: and he shall burn; Notes: sacrificial combustion outside camp.
  15. ea — Lemma: is; Part of Speech: pronoun; Form: accusative plural neuter; Function: direct object of incendetque; Translation: them; Notes: refers to the body parts listed.
  16. super — Lemma: super; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs accusative; Function: expresses placement; Translation: upon; Notes: locates burning.
  17. lignorum — Lemma: lignum; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive plural neuter; Function: modifies struem; Translation: of wood; Notes: fuel for cremation.
  18. struem — Lemma: strues; Part of Speech: noun; Form: accusative singular feminine; Function: object of super; Translation: pile; Notes: wood arranged for burning.
  19. quæ — Lemma: qui; Part of Speech: relative pronoun; Form: nominative singular feminine; Function: subject of cremabuntur; Translation: which; Notes: refers to the wood-pile.
  20. in — Lemma: in; Part of Speech: preposition; Form: governs ablative; Function: indicates location; Translation: in; Notes: locative nuance.
  21. loco — Lemma: locus; Part of Speech: noun; Form: ablative singular masculine; Function: object of in; Translation: place; Notes: same disposal area.
  22. effusorum — Lemma: effundo; Part of Speech: participle; Form: genitive plural masculine perfect passive participle; Function: modifies cinerum; Translation: of the poured-out; Notes: describes state of ashes.
  23. cinerum — Lemma: cinis; Part of Speech: noun; Form: genitive plural masculine; Function: genitive dependent; Translation: of ashes; Notes: identifies the type of ashes.
  24. cremabuntur — Lemma: cremo; Part of Speech: verb; Form: third person plural future passive indicative; Function: verb of relative clause; Translation: they shall be burned; Notes: passive completion of sacrificial disposal.

 

About Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus

Born around 346 A.D. in Stridon, St. Jerome was a scholar fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew whose ascetic discipline and deep engagement with Scripture prepared him for a monumental task: translating the Bible into Latin. Commissioned by Pope Damasus I around 382 A.D., Jerome began by revising the flawed Old Latin Gospels, then expanded his work to the entire Bible. For the New Testament, he corrected Latin texts using Greek manuscripts; for the Old Testament, he translated most books directly from Hebrew—a controversial but principled choice. His final Psalter, however, followed the Greek Septuagint tradition for liturgical use. This composite translation, later known as the Vulgate (editio vulgata), became the authoritative biblical text of the Western Church, formally endorsed at the Council of Trent in 1546. The Vulgate’s influence extends beyond theology into textual criticism and Latin education. As one of the earliest translations grounded in original-language scholarship, it offers a vital witness to the state of biblical texts in late antiquity. Jerome’s lexical and syntactic decisions are studied to trace manuscript history and assess variant readings. Its elegant Latin, consistent in grammar and rich in vocabulary, became a model for medieval and Renaissance learning, bridging classical and ecclesiastical Latin. More than a translation, the Vulgate helped define Christian doctrine, preserved the Latin language, and laid essential groundwork for the critical study of Scripture—remaining indispensable to students of Latin, theology, and textual history.
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